Difference between revisions of "Opcode"
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| − | + | The CPU of a digital computer responds to a series of ones and zeros read from memory. The pattern of these that determine what the CPU is supposed to do are called Operation Codes or '''opcode'''. As an example the opcode $2B on the F8 System means No Operation (NOP). Programs are made up of opcodes which instruct the F8 System to do something, such as load a register with a value, perform arithmetic on a register, change the program counter (jump) or input or output data through the [[port|ports]]. Opcodes in the F8 System are each one byte wide, though some may be followed by an address (two bytes) or a value for the opcode to use, these extra bytes are called operands and an opcode with its operand is called an instruction and the complete set for a CPU is called an Instruction Set. Instead of programming these numbers directly (Machine Code Programming) programmers came up with the '''mnemonic''' names and wrote programs to translate such code into machine code. This mnemonic form of programming is called Assembly Language. Below is a table showing both types, if you choose Assembly Language then [[DASM]] or [[f8tool]] are free Assemblers for the F8 System. | |
== The Instruction Set == | == The Instruction Set == | ||
Revision as of 15:07, 22 November 2012
The CPU of a digital computer responds to a series of ones and zeros read from memory. The pattern of these that determine what the CPU is supposed to do are called Operation Codes or opcode. As an example the opcode $2B on the F8 System means No Operation (NOP). Programs are made up of opcodes which instruct the F8 System to do something, such as load a register with a value, perform arithmetic on a register, change the program counter (jump) or input or output data through the ports. Opcodes in the F8 System are each one byte wide, though some may be followed by an address (two bytes) or a value for the opcode to use, these extra bytes are called operands and an opcode with its operand is called an instruction and the complete set for a CPU is called an Instruction Set. Instead of programming these numbers directly (Machine Code Programming) programmers came up with the mnemonic names and wrote programs to translate such code into machine code. This mnemonic form of programming is called Assembly Language. Below is a table showing both types, if you choose Assembly Language then DASM or f8tool are free Assemblers for the F8 System.
The Instruction Set
In the information for each opcode, the following notations are used:
| Opcode Notations | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Accumulator | ||||||||
| Ri | Scratchpad register i (r0-r11) | ||||||||
| P0 | Program counter | ||||||||
| P | Program counter Stack | ||||||||
| DC0 | Data counter | ||||||||
| DC1 | Alternate data counter | ||||||||
| W | Status register | ||||||||
| ISAR | Indirect Scratchpad Address Register | ||||||||
| r | Scratchpad addressing as:
| ||||||||
| t | 3-bit constant | ||||||||
| i | 4-bit constant | ||||||||
| n | 8-bit constant | ||||||||
| mn | 16-bit constant | ||||||||
| ( ) | Contents of memory (e.g., (DC)) | ||||||||
| x | Binary value placeholder | ||||||||
| Status Flag Notations | |||||||||
| O | Overflow Flag | ||||||||
| Z | Zero Flag | ||||||||
| C | Carry Flag | ||||||||
| S | Sign Flag | ||||||||
| 0 | Resets status flag | ||||||||
| 1 | Sets status flag | ||||||||
| X | Modifies status flag | ||||||||
| Mnemonic | Length | Cycles | Description | Opcode | Status Flags | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Binary | Hex | O | Z | C | S | ||||
| LR A, Ku | 1 | 1 | A = R12 | %00000000 | $00 | - | - | - | - |
| LR A, Kl | 1 | 1 | A = R13 | %00000001 | $01 | - | - | - | - |
| LR A, Qu | 1 | 1 | A = R14 | %00000010 | $02 | - | - | - | - |
| LR A, Ql | 1 | 1 | A = R15 | %00000011 | $03 | - | - | - | - |
| LR Ku, A | 1 | 1 | R12 = A | %00000100 | $04 | - | - | - | - |
| LR Kl, A | 1 | 1 | R13 = A | %00000101 | $05 | - | - | - | - |
| LR Qu, A | 1 | 1 | R14 = A | %00000110 | $06 | - | - | - | - |
| LR Ql, A | 1 | 1 | R15 = A | %00000111 | $07 | - | - | - | - |
| LR K, P | 1 | 4 | R12=PC1(u), R13=PC1(l) | %00001000 | $08 | - | - | - | - |
| LR P, K | 1 | 4 | PC1(u)=R12, PC1(l)=R13 | %00001001 | $09 | - | - | - | - |
| LR A, IS | 1 | 1 | A = ISAR | %00001010 | $0A | - | - | - | - |
| LR IS, A | 1 | 1 | ISAR = A | %00001011 | $0B | - | - | - | - |
| PK | 1 | 2.5 | PC1<-(PC0), PC0(l)<-R13, PC0(u)<-R12 | %00001100 | $0C | - | - | - | - |
| LR P0, Q | 1 | 4 | PC0(u)=R14, PC0(l)=R15 | %00001101 | $0D | - | - | - | - |
| LR Q, DC | 1 | 4 | R14=DC0(u), R15=DC0(l) | %00001110 | $0E | - | - | - | - |
| LR DC, Q | 1 | 4 | DC0(u)=R14, DC0(l)=R15 | %00001111 | $0F | - | - | - | - |
| LR DC, H | 1 | 4 | DC0(u)=R10, DC0(l)=R11 | %00010000 | $10 | - | - | - | - |
| LR H, DC | 1 | 4 | R10=DC0(u), R11=DC0(l) | %00010001 | $11 | - | - | - | - |
| SR 1 | 1 | 1 | Shift A right one bit, fill with %0 | %00010010 | $12 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 |
| SL 1 | 1 | 1 | Shift A left one bit, fill with %0 | %00010011 | $13 | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| SR 4 | 1 | 1 | Shift A right four bits, fill with %0000 | %00010100 | $14 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 |
| SL 4 | 1 | 1 | Shift A left four bits, fill with %0000 | %00010101 | $15 | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| LM | 1 | 2.5 | A = (DC0), DC0 = DC0 + 1 | %00010110 | $16 | - | - | - | - |
| ST | 1 | 2.5 | (DC0) = A, DC0 = DC0 + 1 | %00010111 | $17 | - | - | - | - |
| COM | 1 | 1 | A = [[complement] of A (inverse) | %00011000 | $18 | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| LNK | 1 | 1 | A <- (A)+(C) | %00011001 | $19 | X | X | X | X |
| DI | 1 | 1 | Disable interrupts in status register bit 4 | %00011010 | $1A | - | - | - | - |
| EI | 1 | 1 | Enable interrupts in status register bit 4 | %00011011 | $1B | - | - | - | - |
| POP | 1 | 2 | PC0 <- PC1, A destroyed | %00011100 | $1C | - | - | - | - |
| LR J, W | 1 | 1 | R9 = W | %00011101 | $1D | - | - | - | - |
| LR W, J | 1 | 2 | W = R9 | %00011110 | $1E | - | - | - | - |
| INC | 1 | 1 | A <- (A)+1 | %00011111 | $1F | X | X | X | X |
| LI n | 2 | 2.5 | A = n | %00100000 %xxxxxxxx | $20 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| NI n | 2 | 2.5 | A <- (A) AND n | %00100001 %xxxxxxxx | $21 $xx | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| OI n | 2 | 2.5 | A <- (A) OR n | %00100010 %xxxxxxxx | $22 $xx | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| XI n | 2 | 2.5 | A <- (A) XOR n | %00100011 %xxxxxxxx | $23 $xx | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| AI n | 2 | 2.5 | A = A + n | %00100100 %xxxxxxxx | $24 $xx | X | X | X | X |
| CI n | 2 | 2.5 | n - (A), Only set status | %00100101 %xxxxxxxx | $25 $xx | X | X | X | X |
| IN n | 2 | 4 | Input port n to A | %00100110 %xxxxxxxx | $26 $xx | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| OUT n | 2 | 4 | Output A to port n | %00100111 %xxxxxxxx | $27 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| PI mn | 3 | 6.5 | A<-m, PC1<-(PC0)+1, PC0(l)<-n, PC0(u)<-(A) | %00101000 %xxxxxxxx %xxxxxxxx | $28 $xx $xx | - | - | - | - |
| JMP mn | 3 | 5.5 | PC0 = mn, A is destroyed | %00101001 %xxxxxxxx %xxxxxxxx | $29 $xx $xx | - | - | - | - |
| DCI mn | 3 | 6 | DC0=mn | %00101010 %xxxxxxxx %xxxxxxxx | $2A $xx $xx | - | - | - | - |
| NOP | 1 | 1 | No operation (cycle waster) | %00101011 | $2B | - | - | - | - |
| XDC | 1 | 2 | DC0=DC1, DC1=DC0 | %00101100 | $2C | - | - | - | - |
| DS r | 1 | 1.5 | r <- (r)+$ff | %0011xxxx | $3x | X | X | X | X |
| LR A, r | 1 | 1 | A = r | %0100xxxx | $4x | - | - | - | - |
| LR r, A | 1 | 1 | r = A | %0101xxxx | $5x | - | - | - | - |
| LISU i | 1 | 1 | ISAR(u) = i | %01100xxx | $6x | - | - | - | - |
| LISL i | 1 | 1 | ISAR(l) = i | %01101xxx | $6x | - | - | - | - |
| LIS i | 1 | 1 | A = i | %0111xxxx | $7x | - | - | - | - |
| CLR | 1 | 1 | A = 0 | %01110000 | $70 | - | - | - | - |
| BT t, n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
AND bitmask t with W, if result = TRUE: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10000xxx %xxxxxxxx | $8x | - | - | - | - |
| BP n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if POSITIVE: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10000001 %xxxxxxxx | $81 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BC n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if CARRY: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10000010 %xxxxxxxx | $82 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BZ n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if ZERO: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10000100 %xxxxxxxx | $84 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| AM | 1 | 2.5 | A <- (A)+((DC0)), DC0++ | %10001000 | $88 | X | X | X | X |
| AMD | 1 | 2.5 | A <- (A)+((DC0)) decimal adjusted, DC0++ | %10001001 | $89 | X | X | X | X |
| NM | 1 | 2.5 | A <-(A)AND((DC0)),DC0++ | %10001010 | $8A | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| OM | 1 | 2.5 | A <-(A)OR((DC0)),DC0++ | %10001011 | $8B | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| XM | 1 | 2.5 | A <-(A)XOR((DC0)),DC0++ | %10001100 | $8C | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| CM | 1 | 2.5 | ((DC0))-A only set status, DC0++ | %10001101 | $8D | X | X | X | X |
| ADC | 1 | 2.5 | DC0=DC0+A | %10001110 | $8E | - | - | - | - |
| BR7 n | 2 | 2 (no branch) 2.5 (branch) |
if ISAR(l) != 7: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10001111 %xxxxxxxx | $8F $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BF i, n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
AND bitmask i with W, if result = FALSE: PC0=PC0 + 1 + n | %1001xxxx %xxxxxxxx | $9x | - | - | - | - |
| BR n | 2 | 3.5 | P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10010000 %xxxxxxxx | $90 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BM n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if NEGATIVE: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10010001 %xxxxxxxx | $91 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BNC n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if NO CARRY: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10010010 %xxxxxxxx | $92 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BNZ n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if NOT ZERO: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10010100 %xxxxxxxx | $94 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| BNO n | 2 | 3 (no branch) 3.5 (branch) |
if NO OVERFLOW: P0 = P0 + 1 + n | %10011000 %xxxxxxxx | $98 $xx | - | - | - | - |
| INS i | 1 | 2 (i=0-1) 4 (i=2-15) |
Input port i to A | %1010xxxx | $Ax | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| OUTS i | 1 | 2 (i=0-1) 4 (i=2-15) |
Output A to port i | %1011xxxx | $Bx | - | - | - | - |
| AS r | 1 | 1 | A = A + r | %1100xxxx | $Cx | X | X | X | X |
| ASD r | 1 | 2 | A <-(A)+(r) decimal | %1101xxxx | $Dx | X | X | X | X |
| XS r | 1 | 1 | A <-(A)XOR(r) | %1110xxxx | $Ex | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| NS r | 1 | 1 | A <-(A)AND(r) | %1111xxxx | $Fx | 0 | X | 0 | X |
| IRQ | 5.5 | PC0(l)<-Int address(l), PC0(u)<-Int.Address(u), PC1<-PC0 | - | - | - | - | |||
| RESET | 3.5 | PC0<-0, PC1<-PC0 | - | - | - | - | |||
